World War I And The World Essay - 904 Words

After World War II the world was drastically different. Despite experiences of World War I, the world received blows far different from the Great War just ten years earlier. Nearly 60 million people perished due to the war and its extensive damage in major urban population centers. The Allied powers, including Great Britain, France, Russia and the United States, now were left with the responsibility of putting the world back together. Post World War I, treaty and relief efforts fell flat so this time around Allied Powers were extra cautious realizing the influence and impact decisions had on the world. Eastern Europe took most of the brunt of the damage since it became a centralized location of German occupation. Eastern Europe experienced harsh occupations changing hands between Germany and Russia multiple times since the late 1500s. Eastern Europe had lost individual cultures and heritages becoming engulfed into communism. For Eastern Europe, property just changed hands from Nazi d omination to Communist domination in a blink of an eye, with no input for those who lived in the countries affected. Creating a separation from the outside world, Eastern Europe existed separate from the rest of the world which advanced and changed due to industry and advancements. In Slavenka Drakulic’s book, How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed, she explores how communism affected daily life for the people. History, just like movies, leaves out the trivial things. These trivial thingsShow MoreRelatedThe World Of World War I1293 Words   |  6 Pagesto the beginning of World War I, the world economy was held up by four pillars: the gold standard, free trade, communication and transportation, and capital and labor labor mobility. After facing two world wars and a worldwide economic depression, economists and governments from around the world implemented several development strategies. Some strategists tried to rebuild the order from before World War I in a more flexib le and stable way while others bucked the traditional world order all togetherRead MoreWorld War I1396 Words   |  6 Pages1939 to 1945 that reshaped the world. It may well be that this recognition will prompt rediscoveries and new gratefulness — the way the Bicentennial provoked prominent and scholarly rediscovery of American convention going back to the Revolution and the Constitution. The Great War — World War I — has now blurred in the aggregate memory of Americans. Yet, to the degree that World War I is all around refered to by history specialists to clarify the causes of World War II, it is fitting — in fact vitalRead MoreThe World War I829 Words   |  4 PagesLutwin de Macar Mr. LeClainche World History 6B April 17, 2015 I affirm the code The Unwanted Trenches It is estimated that between 8.5 and 12 million people died while fighting in the trenches. The estimation, in fact, is difficult to prove after the collapse of several countries’ government such as Russia, Austria Hungary, or Germany. The lives in the trenches were absolutely horrific. Soldiers were not aware of the life threatening conditions of the trenches when deciding to fight for their countryRead MoreThe World During World War I1645 Words   |  7 PagesThe world experienced life changing inventions and events during the time of World War I, such occurrences influenced the literature and the authors of the time. The time the war took place, the world experienced technological advancements at an unimaginable pace. In addition to technology, the war also changed the fashion in which society worked. Women became more independent as more jobs were offered to them in order to aid the war cause. In addition, countries such as England experienced extremeRead MoreThe War Of T he World War I902 Words   |  4 Pages War has been a terrible part of the human existence since the beginning of time. According to historians there has been only 268 years of peace out of the nearly 3,500 years that civilized humans have existed (Hedges). That is a staggering statistic showing how deep-rooted war is in the minds and hearts of people. So while war itself might be inevitable the outcome of any given conflict is anything but predictable. There are many different elements that come into play during combat but perhaps theRead MoreWorld War I Changed The World1115 Words   |  5 Pages21 million more had serious injures. World War I changed many lives around the world as eight European countries as well as the United States, fought against each other and formed allies. It the beginning, it was meant to be the war that ended all wars. This Great War was unlike any war before; there was new technology such as tanks and machine guns, as well as new tactics such as trenc hes and war at sea. The physical geography affected the outcome of the war in great measures, both on land and seaRead MoreThe War Of The World War I1523 Words   |  7 PagesIt’s been over a century since Austria declared war on Serbia. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, sparked a war that was to end all others. It clearly did not. Countless wars and conflicts have been fought since, each evolving into something different than the last. As a result, modern warfare has evolved into something completely different than that of a century ago. Although war is fought for fundamentally the same reasons, warfare, as it is practicedRead MoreThe World War I Is War1653 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War I is war famous for European nations fighting against themselves. It began to take shape when countries like France and Germany beginning to form their own allies. It all started with the powerful Austria-Hungary wanted to have Serbia as pa rt of their own empire. However a group of Serbian nationalists known as Black Hands dislike the idea. So they wanted to send a message to the Austria-Hungary government by killing Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Gavrilo Princip, member of the Black Hands,Read MoreThe War Of The World War I1279 Words   |  6 Pagestreaty that finished World War I was agreed upon by Germany and the Allies at the Palace of Versailles in Paris. The main three Allies showed their interest: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Premier George Clemenceau and US President Woodrow Wilson. The Great War had crushed Europe. Limitless territories of north-western Europe were diminished to almost nothing; French and Belgian towns and towns had vanished from the map without any trace of existence. The war destroyed EuropeansRead MoreThe War Of The World War I1501 Words   |  7 Pages It’s been over a century since Austria declared war on Serbia. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdin and, in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, sparked a war that was to end all others. It clearly did not. Countless wars and conflicts have been fought since each evolving into something different than the last. As a result, modern warfare has evolved into something completely different than that of a century ago. Although war is fought for fundamentally the same reasons, warfare, as it is

The Conservation Of The Natural Resources - 1223 Words

Natural resources include everything that the Earth provides that we need to live and survive. Knowing the importance of the natural resources to human life we must be aware that natural resources cannot be replenished once they have been depleted. We need to be very cautious that some natural resources we use are more easily renewed than others (Media: 1.5 Resource, n.d.). We need to be aware that we are responsible in the use and protection of the world around us through proper conservation and sustainable practices and that our mission needs to safeguard and protect the Earth: its people, its animals and plants and the natural systems on which all life depends. Sustainability will help us to create an environment that will sustain life on Earth for longer than our own lifetimes. However, the practice of sustainability is more difficult, and we need to ask ourselves â€Å"how we can make our environmental footprint smaller?† Richard Rogers, a British architect, says, â€Å"The only way forward, if we are going to improve the quality of the environment, is to get everybody involved.† That is why we need to look for ways to get involved and do everything in our power to ensure a better future for us and the future generations. We need to set specific targets for continuous reduction in environmental impact and create a plan for a sustainable future. My environmental action plan is a step towards creating a more sustainable world and to get people involved in making a differenceShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Community On Natural Resources Conservation Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesAGRAWAL, A. AND C. GIBSON. 1999. Enchantment and Disenchantment: The role of community in natural resources conservation. World Development 27(4): 629- 649. Bose up, E 1965. The condition of Agricultural Growth. Allen and Unwind, London. Cheng S, Hiwatashi Y, Imai H, Naito M, Numata T (1998). Cleaver KM, Schreiber GA (1994). Reversing the spiral: The population, agriculture, and environment nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa. The World Bank. Washington DC. Coleman, J. S. 1988. Social capital in the CreationRead MoreWhat Are The Ideologies Associated With Societal Views Of The Environment And How One Should Effectively Approach Natural Resource Conservation1536 Words   |  7 Pagesviews of the environment and how one should effectively approach natural resource conservation. There is anthropocentrism which places human needs and utility as the highest priority and values the environment only to the point at which it is useful to humans. In the words of Aristotle (Politics, Bk. 1, Ch. 8), â€Å"nature has made all things specifically for the sake of man† (Brennan, 2002). This ideology focuses on â€Å"use value† of resources, seeing them as tools to increase the wellbeing of society (MazzottaRead MoreAgricultural Act Of 2014 Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagestwelve sections or titles. These titles include Commodities; Conservation; Trade; Nutrition; Credit; Rural Development; Research, Extension, and Related Matters; Fore stry; Energy; Specialty Crops and Horticulture; Crop Insurance; and Miscellaneous (Agricultural Act of 2014: Highlights and Implications). The Conservation title encourages environmental stewardship and improved management practices. Prior to the 2014 farm bill the Conservation title has included over twenty different programs. AlthoughRead MoreKansas Department Of Natural Resources868 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Not everyone is cut out to be a law enforcement officer, and even fewer, an Indiana Conservation Officer†¦ We are the law enforcement division of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. We provide a law enforcement presence for all divisions and state properties within the Department of Natural Resources. As a Conservation Officer, we have full police powers within the State of Indiana, but concentrate our efforts on the primary areas of fish and wildlife law enforcement. This also includesRead MoreFarming and Natural Resource Dynamics under Public-Private Partnership in Eastern Zambia1583 Words   |  6 Pages1.1. Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM): Opening Doors for Market-Orie nted Approaches Over the past twenty years, CBNRM has been adopted as a panacea for achieving sustainable NRM and rural economic development in East and Southern Africa [13]. CBNRM was born out of the wisdom that most causes of rural resource degradation take place due to centralised governance systems that exclude local communities from accessing resources in protected areas [14]. Thus, Nyirenda et al. [15]Read MoreConservation vs Preservation960 Words   |  4 PagesConservation Versus Preservation Today, millions of acres of land in our nation have been fortunate enough to not be disrupted by the touch of man. Around the nation it is also always on debate about using the natural resources of those untouched lands to benefit the economy and man in some way. However, there are many who oppose doing this and there are also those who believe we should harness those resources, but in a way that is not damaging. These two beliefs are called conservation and preservationRead MoreIntroduction. 1.1 Background. The Sustainable Use Of Natural1373 Words   |  6 Pagessustainable use of natural resources has emerged as big issue in the contemporary world. The importance of sustainable use of natural resources has increased because of its relationship with world food security and healthy environment. These days the water and land ecosystems are being degraded at an alarming rate (Hannam, 2003 cited in Teketel, 2009). Natural resources, agriculture and human activities are interrelated in developing countries. The human population uses these natural resources for their livelihoodsRead MoreEnergy Conservation960 Words   |  4 PagesEnergy Conservation What can we do to help Carol D. Patterson Axia College University of Phoenix March 7, 201 â€Æ' Introduction I am doing my essay on energy conservation. I would like to point out the good and the bad points of energy conservation. What could happen if we do not start conserving the different kinds of energy we have left? What are the different kinds of energy? How might we put into practice the different kinds of energy? In my paper, I will explain these formsRead MoreImportance Of Biodiversity Conservation1295 Words   |  6 Pages There has been increasing awareness all over the world on the need to use biodiversity conservation for sustainable development. Biological resources should be protected and used to improve human conditions in ways that the world varieties of species will not diminish (Egunyomi and Salaam, 1996). NEST (1991) stated that over 350,000ha of forest and natural vegetation are being lost annually in Nigeria. One of the most effective and best means of conserving biodiversity is to prevent the destructionRead MoreThe Massive Exploitation Of The Earth s Resour ces1101 Words   |  5 PagesThe massive exploitation of the earth’s resources for economic gain in the late 19th and early 20th century, caused huge devastation to the land and its natural habitat: disrupted the balance to an even larger scale than early agrarian societies. Partial due to this was the great divorce or the great separation of man and nature. When early civilization was starting out the separation began to see the land and nature as a source of great benefit and later on as a source of wealth. Majority of those

Secrets †Creative Writing Free Essays

Bill locked the last bolt on the door. â€Å"Another day finished† Bill said with a sigh. â€Å"I’ll just finish putting these in the back room†. We will write a custom essay sample on Secrets – Creative Writing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sue heaved the last box into the storeroom and dropped it on the floor. She took the pencil out of her mouth and started marking of the boxes on the clipboard. â€Å"Nine..Ten..Ele†¦What the hell!!† She slowly stepped towards the strange object and as she approached it she began to realize what it was. â€Å"BILLLLLLLLL† she screamed. A figure appeared in the doorframe, when Sue turned around she was shocked to see him smirking. † I see you’ve found my little, how would you put†¦surprise† Sues mouth dropped open. â€Å"But, what, how, who is it?† Sue stammered. â€Å"Just someone that needed, taken care of. Now we’re not going to tell anyone are we? We wouldn’t like that to be you, would we?† he replied with a nod. Sue was rooted to the spot. She could feel her body shivering with fear. She felt like she had been standing there for hours. When reality finally hit her she let out a huge scream and ran for her life. â€Å"She won’t get far† Bill said to himself with a menacing laugh. Sue ran along the cold, wet streets of Lairg, tears streaming down her face. She was distraught; she didn’t know where she was going all she knew was that it wasn’t home. How could she go home in this state her father was sure to notice and as thousands of questions. She couldn’t cope with it, not after what she’d seen. Images kept flickering through her head, of Bills evil face and the arm. She was traumatized. Throwing herself down onto the wet steps of Spar. She couldn’t think straight no matter how much she tried her mind was full of worries and images. How could she go on, knowing about that poor person Bill had supposedly â€Å"taken care of†, knowing about the kind of person Bill really is. Bill watched as the young girl slowly mounted the emergency steps to the roof of Spar. He grinned as he saw a tearful face appear at the edge of the roof. After muttering a few silent words the girl flung herself of the roof. Bill stood up and looked around for any witness’. Nobody was around. He grabbed the girls’ hair and dragged her behind Spar. â€Å"I didn’t even touch her† he muttered into his mobile, â€Å"I’m at Spar come and pick me up†¦and her† â€Å"So please anyone that has any information about the disappearance of Sue Macbeath contact us the number is 084† the police officers plea was cut short as Bill turned his television off. He spooned the last of his corn flakes into his mouth and dropped the plate into the sink. The familiar sound of a bell ringing on the shop door alarmed Bill, as he was busy in the storeroom. Well, he thought with some annoyance, Sue will just have to wait for now. He briskly left the storeroom, closing the door tightly behind him. He looked all around, nobody to be seen. Just as he was about to turn around and go back into the room he heard a radio crackle. â€Å"No sign of anyone here. Over.† A deep, manly voice said. Bill spun round and was greeted by an overweight, red-faced policeman. â€Å"Well, Hello young man† said the jolly policeman patting Bill on the back. Bill gave a weak smile. â€Å"Can I help you officer?† he said. â€Å"Well, as you may have already a young lass b the name of Sue Mcbeath has gone missing† he said without much effort. Bill felt like he was reciting a well-rehearsed speech. â€Å"Anyway, to get to the point† he added. † We believe that she was a colleague and a friend of yours†. â€Å"Yes† Bill gave a fake sigh. † A very good friend of min. Last time I saw her was yesterday evening, around five to six. I told her she could go early and that I would lock up.† â€Å"Did she say where she was going?† â€Å"No officer. I just presumed she would be going home like usual.† â€Å"Was she acting at all strangely?† â€Å"No officer. Just being her usual cheery self.† Bill told the officer as he wrote notes down on his note-pad. â€Å"Well son. I reckon I’ll be back, but for now, don’t give up hope eh? We’ll find her† he said comfortingly, chucking Bills chin. â€Å"Thanks you officer. I’ll be sure to give you a call if I think of anything else† And with that the officer left. Bill tapped a number into his mobile. â€Å"Darren?† he said â€Å"I’ve just has that police in here. I think you’d better come over.† The whole of Lairg was on a hunt for Sue Macbeath. There were new conferences on the television and reports on the radio. The plea that chocked Bill the most was the one from Sues stepfather. â€Å"She was a bright, cheery, joyful girl who had her whole life ahead of her† her teary eyed stepfather said. â€Å"Please whoever knows where she is or even thinks they know where she could be just contact us. We just want our little girl back. Thank you† It was one week on and Bill was getting ready too lock up. After spraying half a can of air freshener in the storeroom, he covered the body with boxes of crisps and sweets. It was starting to decay and Bill was dick with worry. He just didn’t no where to dispose of the body. A chap on the door disturbed Bill from his thought. Standing outside the door were several policemen and Sues stepfather Darren. Bill and Darren exchanged worried glances. â€Å"Officer, I really don’t think this is necessary† Bill could hear Darren say. â€Å"She phoned to say she was leaving.† Bill opened the door and the policemen swept past him. The fat, red-faced policeman didn’t look so happy this time. Without even glancing at Bill he produced and important looking piece of paper. â€Å"We’re here to search this building. We have a warrant.† Pointing to different officers he directed them to different parts of the shop. â€Å"And me, I’ll check here† he said nodding his head towards the storeroom. Bill and Darren followed him. â€Å"Where’s the light in here† â€Å"Well actually officer† Bill said pointing to he roof â€Å"The bulbs burst† â€Å"No worries, I’ll use my torch.† He shone his torch all over the room kicking empty boxes out of his way. As he got nearer and nearer the body Bill held his breath. Just as he was about to reach it, he turned around. â€Å"No, nothing here.† It was the same from every officer. Darren burst into tears. â€Å"We’ll ever find her† Darren cried through great big sobs. â€Å"Don’t worry son, this was only a quick scan. The shop will be cornered off and we’ll have snuffer dogs in by tonight. The officers were about to leave. Darren was still in tears. â€Å"Uhmm officer† Bill Said † I was just about to get my break so I could make Mr.Mcbeath a cup of tea or coffee if that’s ok† â€Å"What would you like to do Mr Macbeath?† asked the policeman â€Å"A cup of tea would be great. I’ll call my wife and she’ll pick me up.† Darren sniffed. â€Å"We shall phone this evening Mr Mcbeath with more information† the policeman called as he left the shop. As the sound of the police van leaving got more distant Darren looked up at Bill with a grin. â€Å"Wow!! That was a close one! Now, what were you saying about the quarry for the body?† Darren said How to cite Secrets – Creative Writing, Papers

Cross Culture Management Negotiation Capabilities

Question: Discuss about the Cross Culture Management for Negotiation Capabilities. Answer: Introduction: Reflection on case studies of negotiation simulations from week 9 to 11 depict several insights into the personal capabilities and pitfalls which could be capitalized upon to derive plausible communication skills, efficient conflict resolution and promising intercultural negotiations. Distinct simulations were characterized by the use of communication, negotiation and cultural theories for deriving the desired outcomes. Therefore, in this part of the reflective journal I would illustrate the missing ideal concepts which could have modified the outcomes of the negotiation simulations (Ang, Van Dyne, 2015). The reflection would also provide a cognizable impression of the setbacks in the negotiation process which could be catered in the future to deliver feasible outcomes. Negotiation is associated with communication and has been used in the context of business to solve dilemmas which are detrimental for two or more business organizations or parties. It has been observed in the simulations that intercultural business communication plays a vital role. The sale of the old used car by a local dealer in Newcastle to a Japanese student requires intercultural business communication. Therefore, the scope for universalistic approach in business communication relevant to the specified negotiation scenario suggests the integration of novel aspects in business communication alongside considering the significance of cultural diversity. I was able to observe that some of the simulations were characterized with the universalistic approach which resulted in apprehensions on behalf of either party. This could be perceived as a formidable weakness in my personal capabilities to negotiate. Thereafter the reflection on the development of an interactive phenomenon for communication allows the use of systemic and dynamic perspective in distinct simulations (Bian, Forsythe, 2012). The consideration of cultural definitions of communication enables me to apprehend the basis of intercultural communication and hence I could be able to realize strength in the communication process. From the perspective of communication, I realized majority of weaknesses and strengths upon understanding the model of communication. The model of communication indicated my strengths as the knowledge of the context in which the negotiation is conducted. On the other hand, my lack of experience in professional and individual contexts reflected on my weaknesses in negotiation (Bird, Mendenhall, 2016). Reviewing my negotiation capabilities with respect to culture was possible with the help of references to Halls high and low context theory which depicts the characteristic perception of communication in different cultures as well as the role of proxemics. The integration of cultural contexts in communication is also noted profoundly in the simulation role play. I was able to find that the preferences for low context communication serve as prominent setbacks for my personal capabilities in negotiation. Observation of the simulation for car negotiation conveys that use of low context communication as preferred by the local car dealer for negotiating with a Japanese student belonging to a high context culture accounts for a weakness. Theories indicate that differences between high context and low context cultures indicate are characterized by the formers preferences for development of social trust, agreements on the basis of trust and ritualistic negotiations (Budhwar, Debrah, 2013). On the contrary, low context cultures follow direct approach to business in negotiations which emphasize on performance and expertise. Furthermore, low context cultures are reliant on efficient negotiations along with focus on legal contracts. The formality factor in case of high context cultures is also higher than that of low context cultures and therefore the former are reliant on development of relationships according to high status and new relationships. On the other hand, I was also able to apprehend personal strengths in realizing proxemics as well as avoiding non verbal mishaps effectively in the negotiation simulations. Non verbal mishaps are considered as the major reason of fallout of specific parties in a negotiation due to culturally specific perception of gestures and body language. The approach implemented for verbal communication accounted for use of an interpreter as well as international English as a mode of communication which provides scope for my personal strength in international English. The simulations also indicated that I was able to refrain from any unwanted facial expressions which could affect the outcome of the negotiations (Cankaya, LeFevre, 2016). Thereafter, conversational styles implemented by me were characterized with listening which enabled the other party to understand that I was interested in the communication and thus social trust could obtain specific impetus from this personal strength of mine. Following the references to cultural and communication theories, I was also required to emphasize on the ideal practices cited for negotiation in theory in order to apprehend weaknesses and strengths. The individual stages of negotiation depict the requirements from an expert negotiator which include systems orientation, abundance of informati on, honesty, superior listening skills and maturity. I was able to identify personal traits in context of the indicators of negotiation including time horizon, concern for common objectives, alternative packages preferred and limitations. My agenda for negotiation involved packaging which means that the negotiation would offer benefits to either parties one time in bulk. The emphasis laid by me on the common interests of negotiating parties was strong and my limitations were fixed on goals of the negotiation (Chen, 2013). The different packages suggested for the negotiation in the negotiation process also accounts for strength in personal traits. Therefore, I was able to comprehend certain necessary advantages and setbacks in personal negotiating styles in context of culture, communication and negotiation theories. Suggestions for improvement largely include acquisition of information on various cultures, developing awareness for cultural diversity and demarcate cultural contexts for application in negotiation processes (Chhokar, Brodbeck, House, 2013). The negotiation simulation in week 12 also accounts for illustration of major outcomes specifically referring to the strategies followed for effective realization of negotiation processes. The necessary processes which are required for negotiation primarily include identification of objectives and strategies as well as reasonable approaches to negotiation strategies. The reflection will also cite the distinct stages of the planning process followed in the simulation, thereby indicating the validity of application of strategy in the process. Determination of objectives prior to the negotiation process is a formidable characteristic of a potentially beneficial negotiation process. The objectives are perceived to be a major influence on the strategy of the negotiator which can be observed in the form of direct and indirect effects. First of all, the indirect effects account for development and strengthening of a present relationship. Direct effects include specificity of goals, association of goals of both parties and limitations on the objectives (Joint, 2014). Reviewing the simulation also presents a lucid impression of the difference between strategy, planning and tactics. Tactics are short term initiatives which are generally derived from specific scenarios and they are implemented for the pursuit of broad strategies. I was able to understand that the measures which were defined during the course of the negotiation did not account either for planning or strategy and were tactics which were used in context of the strategy. Strategy is considered as the broad approach implemented for accomplishment of goals (Matsumoto, Hwang, 2013). Strategy has been classified into two categories such as unilateral and bilateral in which the former is characterized by the singular emphasis on personal interests while the latter emphasizes on the influence of others strategy on own interests and objectives. I need to emphasize on the strategy development on a generic basis reflecting on personal characteristics and objectives as well as that of the other party. The effective model which could be used for identifying strategic options reflect on the dual concerns model which recognizes personal stakes as well as the present and future approaches to relationship with other party as the outcomes of the negotiation. Analysis of available strategic option for negotiation alongside the implications of substantial and relative negotiation outcomes in the reflection enabled me to identify the distinct modes of engagement and non engagement. The strategies include four categories such as competition, collaboration, accommodation and avoidance. Avoidance is realized in case the strategy of either party does not lead to promising outcomes (Minkov, Hofstede, 2012). Therefore, my final apprehension in the reflection on simulation exercise in week 12 conveys the distinct steps of ideal negotiation process and the limitations noticed in actual practice. The distinct stages of the negotiation process included preparation, forming relationships, collection of information, utilization of information, offering bids and closing of deals. Finally the agreement reached upon by both parties has to be implemented effectively (Mok, Sparks, Kadampully, 2013). My reflection of the simulation activity suggests limited preparation related to the objectives and strategy of NIDO Petroleum/Gas and JGC Philippines. The construction contract between the companies involved in the negotiation also indicate that the flat fee alongside percentage profit could be beneficial for contractor i.e. JGC while the NIDO Petroleum Limited company presents substantial objections to the percentage due to ambiguity over specifying the profit percentage. Furthermore, implications of the disparities between effective and ineffective strategies perceived in the simulations of week 9 to 11 convey that use of dual concerns model for determination of mutual interests of both parties helps in limiting the insufficiencies in strategic negotiation processes. The use of tactics to resolve the dilemmas during negotiation over contract fee and percentage of profits accounts for effectiveness over the measures followed in simulations during week 9 to11. The reflection on the different simulation sessions also provides a viable impression of ethical issues which are associated with negotiation and the relevant measures which can resolve them. Ethics are considered as widely accepted precedents in the society which define right and wrong actions in specific scenarios. The utilization of ethics as noticed on an overall basis predict the inclusion of a potential understanding of the moral precedent established in an organization, definition of the problem followed by determination of economic outcomes and legal requirements. This process has to be complemented with the inclusion of comprehensive evaluation of ethical duties resulting in proposals for convincing solutions on moral grounds. Ethical issues arising in negotiation are primarily due to use of deceptive tactics and concerned motives for unethical practices (Rao Vajjhala, David Strang, 2014). The motives for unethical conduct include power as well as perception of competitiveness of strategies of the other party. However, negotiators should be aptly aware of the consequences which can be derived from unethical conduct. The consequences are primarily dependent on the context of effectiveness and the reactions of self as well as other entities such as audience. The causes for unethical conduct are also validated on several grounds by practitioners of unethical measures such as harmlessness or compulsion to implement the measure, limitation of negative consequences, and appropriateness of the measure for the situation and initiation of unethical behavior by the other party (Romani, Claes, 2014). Therefore, my reflection of the simulation indicates that negotiators could adopt measures such as inquiries through probing questions and presenting questions in distinct manner, references to the tactic implemented by the other party unethically as well as some choose to respond k indly in order to obtain favorable ethical behavior from the other party. This section of the reflective journal represents a negotiation planning process used for the negotiation simulation in Week 12. Furthermore, the specific references to negotiation roles, responsibilities, strategies and tactics used in the negotiation process (Thomas, Peterson, 2014). Role: I assumed the role of key negotiator in the simulation representing JGC Philippines. Responsibilities: I was responsible for analyzing information related to the other party NIDO Petroleum Limited alongside preparing a viable planning process in order to execute the negotiation. Strategy and tactics: I followed a dual concern model for identification of concerns on behalf of both parties suggestively indicating towards the contracts outcomes such as contract fee, percentage of fee and penalties associated with the contract. My strategy was characterized by emphasis on realization of the collaboration model of negotiation. The tactics implemented by me during the negotiation included review of the past records of association between the two enterprises which enabled to identify common areas of interest such as review of state legislations. My planning process was characterized with the illustrated description of the distinct issues to be addressed in the negotiation process. Thereafter I was able to apprehend the issues on a cumulative basis depicting the bargaining mix. The bargaining mix included the definitions for benefits for either party in the negotiation. References Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. (2015).Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Bian, Q., Forsythe, S. (2012). Purchase intention for luxury brands: A cross cultural comparison.Journal of Business Research,65(10), 1443-1451. Bird, A., Mendenhall, M. E. (2016). From cross-cultural management to global leadership: Evolution and adaptation.Journal of World Business,51(1), 115-126. Budhwar, P. S., Debrah, Y. A. (Eds.). (2013).Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Cankaya, O., LeFevre, J. A. (2016). The Home Numeracy Environment: What Do Cross-Cultural Comparisons Tell Us About How to Scaffold Young Childrens Mathematical Skills?. InEarly Childhood Mathematics Skill Development in the Home Environment(pp. 87-104). Springer International Publishing. Chen, G. (2013). Research on Cross-Culture Management Framework of Multinational Firms: A Case Study.Communications in Information Science and Management Engineering,3(3), 161. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Joint, F. (2014). Cross Cultural Management. Matsumoto, D., Hwang, H. C. (2013). Assessing cross-cultural competence: A review of available tests.Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 0022022113492891. Minkov, M., Hofstede, G. (2012).Cross-cultural analysis: the science and art of comparing the world's modern societies and their cultures. Sage. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013).Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Rao Vajjhala, N., David Strang, K. (2014). Collaboration strategies for a transition economy: Measuring culture in Albania.Cross Cultural Management,21(1), 78-103. Romani, L., Claes, M. T. (2014). International Journal of Cross Cultural.Cross Cultural Management,14(1), 127-132. Thomas, D. C., Peterson, M. F. (2014).Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Vogel, R. M., Mitchell, M. S., Tepper, B. J., Restubog, S. L., Hu, C., Hua, W., Huang, J. C. (2015). A cross?cultural examination of subordinates' perceptions of and reactions to abusive supervision.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(5), 720-745. Zhu, Y., Bargiela-Chiappini, F. (2013). Balancing emic and etic: Situated learning and ethnography of communication in cross-cultural management education.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), 380-395.

Haiti Essays - Presidents Of Haiti, Elections In Haiti,

Haiti Want to send this story to another AOL member? Click on the heart at the top of this window. Haiti Opposition Candidate Released By MICHAEL NORTON .c The Associated Press PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) - Haitian authorities released an opposition candidate and four associates Saturday, nearly three weeks after they were arrested following regional elections, an opposition leader said. Authorities dropped charges of incitement to violence against candidate Jean Limongy and the four others, said Evans Paul of Limongy's Space for Concord five-party coalition. Limongy, a candidate for a lower house seat, and the others were arrested May 23, two days after local and legislative elections. More than 2 million Haitian voters, about 60 percent of the electorate, cast their ballots in the violence-free elections. The Lavalas Family party of former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide gained control of the upper house and was leading in most lower-house races as vote counting continued this week. Since the vote, police have arrested at least 37 opposition candidates and activists. Sixteen have been released. Space for Concord militant Laurore Noel, who was arrested with Limongy, remained in prison in Petit-Goave jail, about 35 miles southwest of the capital, Paul said. On Wednesday, three candidates projected as the winners for seats on the Port-au-Prince city council under Aristide's Lavalas Family banner were arrested on charges of having false police identification cards. Elections for legislative seats in Haiti's troubled Grand'-Anse district, where the vote was delayed due to technical difficulties, are set for Sunday, officials said. Haiti has been without a Parliament since President Rene Preval dismissed legislators in 1999 to resolve a power struggle. AP-NY-06-10-00 2053EDT Copyright 2000 The Associated Press. The information contained in the AP news report may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or otherwise distributed without the prior written authority of The Associated Press. All active hyperlinks have been inserted by AOL. Bibliography Want to send this story to another AOL member? Click on the heart at the top of this window. Haiti Opposition Candidate Released By MICHAEL NORTON .c The Associated Press PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) - Haitian authorities released an opposition candidate and four associates Saturday, nearly three weeks after they were arrested following regional elections, an opposition leader said. Authorities dropped charges of incitement to violence against candidate Jean Limongy and the four others, said Evans Paul of Limongy's Space for Concord five-party coalition. Limongy, a candidate for a lower house seat, and the others were arrested May 23, two days after local and legislative elections. More than 2 million Haitian voters, about 60 percent of the electorate, cast their ballots in the violence-free elections. The Lavalas Family party of former President Jean-Bertrand Aristide gained control of the upper house and was leading in most lower-house races as vote counting continued this week. Since the vote, police have arrested at least 37 opposition candidates and activists. Sixteen have been released. Space for Concord militant Laurore Noel, who was arrested with Limongy, remained in prison in Petit-Goave jail, about 35 miles southwest of the capital, Paul said. On Wednesday, three candidates projected as the winners for seats on the Port-au-Prince city council under Aristide's Lavalas Family banner were arrested on charges of having false police identification cards. Elections for legislative seats in Haiti's troubled Grand'-Anse district, where the vote was delayed due to technical difficulties, are set for Sunday, officials said. Haiti has been without a Parliament since President Rene Preval dismissed legislators in 1999 to resolve a power struggle. AP-NY-06-10-00 2053EDT Copyright 2000 The Associated Press. The information contained in the AP news report may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or otherwise distributed without the prior written authority of The Associated Press. All active hyperlinks have been inserted by AOL.

Forget about the Dark Ages

Forget about the Dark Ages Forget about the â€Å"Dark Ages† Forget about the â€Å"Dark Ages† By Maeve Maddox Movie makers and many writers are fond of using the terms â€Å"Dark Ages† and â€Å"medieval† to denote ignorance, intolerance and unspeakable violence. For example, a character in Pulp Fiction threatens his captive this way: Ima get medieval on your ass. Some writers who use the terms Dark Ages, Middle Ages and medieval have a very vague idea of the historical time periods designated by them. A common misconception is that â€Å"Dark Ages† and â€Å"Middle Ages† mean the same thing. So far as the Dark Ages can be acknowledged to be a meaningful term at all, it signifies that time between the breakdown of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, and the establishment of more stable European governments by the end of the tenth century. The Dark Ages were marked by raiding and pillaging. The Middle Ages were a time of architectural, artistic, and literary achievement. The blurb at the beginning of Christian Duguay’s 1999 film about Joan of Arc is a perfect example of the confusion that exists regarding these terms: Once in a time known as the Dark Ages There lived a legend whose coming had been foretold by the great prophet Merlin. The â€Å"legend† referred to here is Joan of Arc (1412-1431). When Joan died in 1431, the Renaissance had already begun in Italy. Joans mother and brothers were still alive when Leonardo de Vinci, Italian High Renaissance Painter and Inventor, was born in 1452. Historians dont use the term â€Å"Dark Ages† anymore. It was a term invented by the Italian poet Petrarch in the 1330s to convey his feeling that the culture of ancient Greece and Rome had been superior to everything that succeeded it. The expression Middle Age for the period between classical civilization and the present came into use in the fifteenth century. The term Middle Ages was first used systematically by a German historian, Christoph (Keller) Cellarius (1638–1707). The historical period designated by the term spans a thousand years. Modern historians divide the Middle Ages into three periods: Early Middle Ages: 500 -1000 C.E. The last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476. This was a time of great unrest during which Visigoths sacked Rome, Vikings pillaged France and England, and the energetic expansion of the new religion of Islam threatened the existence of Christianity. High Middle Ages: 1000-1300 C.E. Former rovers and raiders settled down. This is the age of great European cathedrals and Islamic centers of classical and scientific study. The cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was begun in 1160 and completed in 1345. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) wrote one of the first scientific encyclopedias during this time. Late Middle Ages: 1300-1499 C.E. The age of renewed interest in classical texts in Europe, and the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press. The two precipitated the Protestant Reformation and catapulted the world into the modern period. Like the term Dark Ages, the term â€Å"Middle Ages† was coined as a kind of put-down. The idea is that nothing much of value existed between the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome and the re-birth of the classical ideal in the Renaissance. Writers may wish to take another look at the terms Middle Ages and medieval. They don’t deserve to be used haphazardly as synonyms for ignorance and brutality. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesIs There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Albania Financial System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Albania Financial System - Case Study Example Other sectors of the country's financial system are not large enough to be systematically important. How ever, growth in the insurance sector is rapid and the fear is that problems within this sector may undermine confidence in the institutions (Ingves and Dappler, 2005). The Bank of Albania (BOA) is at the hem of the financial system, setting the rules, ensuring fair play. It is the keeper of the government accounts, carry out and negotiate government lending and borrowings. It also monitors the other institutions (Commercial banks and other forms of depository institution.) It issues and revokes licenses and do not compete with other institutions in ordinary business operations, but uses its lender of last resort policy, and open market operations to bail the economy and other banks out of recession (Article 16 of Law No.7491, dated April 29, 1991). Other institutions include, state banks, banks limited by shares, cooperative banks and private banks with Albanian capital exclusively. Private or state banks with Albanian and foreign capital, and private banks with foreign capital. Membership deposits and credit are open to both physical and legal persons. There are about sixteen commercial banks in Albania, and examples of such institutions include: Alpha Bank, Procredit Bank Italian Albania bank. The ownership and management structure runs from the general assembly, through the board of directors, the managing director to the front line employees. The internal and external audits are independent bodies to ensure, agents greed are mitigated. However, these institutions can only go operational once required conditions set by BAO are met, from capital to qualified board of directors. Other forms of non banking crediting institutions include The Mountain area Financing Fund (PSHM). Future Development Association (FDA). Besa Foundation. Albania savings and credit union However, Ingves and Dappler, 2005 argued that this non banking sector is not large enough to be systematically important their roles and contributions should not be under looked as most of them provide alternative banking services to deprived areas. What is the role of the central bank' A Central Bank (CB) is the central authority, the rule maker and the government representative in the financial system. It is an entity responsible for the monetary policy of its country or of a group of member states (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank). "It is a bank that provides financial and banking services for the government of a country and its commercial banking system as well as implementing the government monetary policies" (Butler B. etal 1997:58). In Albania, the central bank is known as The Bank of Albania or in other words, the banker's bank. Other examples of central banking institutions include The Bank of England for the United Kingdom, the Deutsche Bundesbank in Germany, and France's Banque de

Cereal Development Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cereal Development Proposal - Essay Example It is imperative to raise number of Cheerios cereals from 11 to 20 at least. On contrast to that Kellogg’s cereal category contains 27 varieties, while Malt-O-Meal has 19 types of cold cereals and 4 types of hot ones. Therefore, Cheerios should provide broader choice for the consumers, proposing absolutely new and delicate tastes. Key findings Previous analysis has shown that Cheerios lags behind its competitors because of its not very diverse range of products. Kellogg’s attracts consumers with big variety of brands, proposing such uncommon flavors and additives as maple syrup, almond, pecan and marshmallow. Meanwhile Malt-O-Meal suggests two categories of cereals: hot and cold ones, that manages to distinguish it from other companies significantly. Taking into account mentioned competitive advantages, it is essential for Cheerios to develop new products with unfamiliar for consumers flavors and implement carefully developed marketing plan, aiming at appropriate design of the new product types and effective promotion campaign. Moreover, in the issue of analysis it has been revealed that currently Kellogg’s and Malt-O-Meal propagandize idea of healthy meal without any preservatives except natural ones.

Internal auditing, Investor accounting, The process of Remittance, Assignment

Internal auditing, Investor accounting, The process of Remittance, Reconciliation and Reporting - Assignment Example However, the 15th day may fall on a weekend or a holiday making the previous business end of the cycle known as the accounting cutoff. Reporting and remittance are necessary to be done accurately and timely (Jickling 2) Investor Accounting The investor reporting process is a bit different from the remittance process, and it is a process involving submitting of information to Penny Mac portfolio’s accounting activities. It is made up of both and interim and monthly processing. The accounting process cycle that is as earlier said from 16th to 15th determines the timing of the reports. Reporting includes all the different loan-levels apart from third party foreclosure sales and payoffs. Interim reporting is done according to the type transaction with all interim reports being done under five business days. A report once done it is reviewed for any level of discrepancies through daily checks on the databases. The discrepancies thus noted are known as edits and they are made availa ble on a daily basis to investors. Report revisions are allowed so long as they are identified as corrections in the transaction level. The reporting of transaction corrections should not be made later than four business days before the end of the accounting cycle. Remittance Investor remittance is a process that involves the initiation of transferring funds from ones Penny Mac custodial account to that of Penny Mac. The funds are remitted through GPI that is easily accessible through mobile phones or through an Investor Accounting Manager (IAM). The timing of remittances as opposed to reporting which follows the accounting cycle, remittances is based on the option selected. GPI is a third party vendor tasked with the gathering of finances on behalf of Penny Mac. The investor is provided for all portfolios with a toll-free remittance number and an identification number. Funds that are to be remitted by investors must be made available before or on the date due. Due dates might fall on a holiday or a non-working day; hence payment have to be paid on the previous business day and not  later than nine p.m. Reconciliation Reconciliation of the monthly reports gives a summary of the activities that have been processed in the accounting cycle monthly of the Penny Mac individual portfolios. The reconciliation reports thus compiled after thorough analysis are made available at the end of every month through the Service Loans applications and through an Investor Accounting Manager (IAM). This is done after the closure of all books and all the processed loan levels. The reconciliation reports thus arrived at after analysis is used in the custodial account reconciliation process. The monthly reconciliation reports to be reviewed during custodial account reconciliation process are the monthly account statement, the detailed adjustment report, and the loan reconciliation difference. The Loan Reconciliation Difference Report is a detailed summary of all the transactions t he system did not capture in the original cycle. The discrepancies are also arrived at from the daily edit reports. Monthly reconciliation reports are used in the custodial reconciliation in the following ways (U.S. Congressional Budget Office web). Firstly, the report is examined to determine any discrepancies between the Penny Mac system and the investor’s. Secondly, the investor corrects their system taking into account the

Managerial Research In Decision Making Processes

Managerial Research In Decision Making Processes Managerial research is a broad topic that covers a range of aspects, whether these are strategic, tactical or technical. People often confuse Managerial research with other research forms, but in fact managerial research differs to a great extent from social and other research types. Managerial research is different in such a way because it explores about the core elements that are needed to make prosper the business instead of searching such information that are not productive or result oriented. The managerial research is important because managers at all stages require timely and exact information for decision making. Whatever the decision making stage is, whether it is of tactical, operational or strategic level, the accurate information are required to for better decision making. At managerial level gathering of information is done through a sound and scientific research process. Each year organizations spend enormous amounts of money for research and development in order to mai ntain their competitive edge. Accurate information obtained through research leads to enormous benefits. In short, Managerial research is practical and finds its application in many places to identify the various characteristics and key factors responsible for the success of the firm and the products it develops. This research paper shows detailed and at length description of managerial research to describe that this type of research is different from other research methods. Definition of Research Research is the procedure of carefully studying and evaluating the situational elements surrounding an issue in order to search for solutions to it. A systematic thorough inquiry or inspection to find new information or correlations and to expand/verify current knowledge for some particular purpose. Why We Do Research? Exploration: Discovering problems of concern, growing understanding of the issue Description: Finding out, defining what is, what is the condition? Where are we now? Explanation: Explaining how or why things are as they are (and utilizing this to predict), Answering questions, resolving issues, testing hypotheses, assessment research evaluation of strategies, policies, plans and practices Difference between Managerial Research Other Research Artistic Research One of the attributes of Artistic Research is that it must take subjectivity as opposite to the classical scientific techniques. As such, it is parallel to the social sciences in utilizing quantitative research and intersubjectivity as tools to apply measurement and critical analysis Historical Method The historical technique comprises the methods and strategies by which historians utilize historical sources and other proof to research and then to write history. There are different history rules generally utilized by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis. This contains higher criticism and textual criticism. Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and examiners, the subsequent concepts are generally part of most formal historical study: Managerial Research Managerial research is practical and finds its application in several places to recognize the different characteristics and major factors accountable for the success of the company and the goods it develops. It usually looks into future trend rather that wasting time in some art or thinking in past. Usually, firms would like to know the level of consumer satisfaction of the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s product and here managerial research will be helpful. Managerial research is also helpful for doing a pilot study to introduce a new product and the different applications and guidelines of managerial research in business decision making. The firms take decision even before introducing new products through managerial research. Managerial research supports them to recognize that whether the product will be viable in firmà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s interest or not. For this purpose different techniques have been utilizing to gather relevant data for better decision making through various paradigms e.g. competitive intelligence, SWOT analysis, financial analysis, Ansoff situation analysis, etc. Managerial research can be utilized to gather data about markets, rivals, and consumers that the other two techniques cannot do so. For instance, managerial research can help identify the most favorable business location and the size of marketplaces. It can also be utilized to monitor competitive actions. Consumer research decides customer loyalty, client satisfaction, and client preferences. In this way a managers job is different and difficult. Managers need some expertise to perform the responsibilities and activities related with being a manager. What kind of expertise does a manager require? Research by Robert L. Katz discovered that managers required three basic expertises. These are technical, human and conceptual expertise. Technical skills contain information of and excellence in a certain specialized domain, for example engineering, computers, financial and managerial accounting, or production. These expertises are more significant at lower levels of administration since these supervisors are coping directly with workers doing the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s work. Human skills engage the capability to work well with other individuals both separately and in a group. Because managers cope directly with individuals, this skill is essential! Managers with good human skills are capable to get the best out of their individuals. They recognize how to int eract, stimulate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and confidence. These expertises are equally significant at all levels of administration. Eventually conceptual skills are the skills managers must have to consider and conceptualize about abstract and difficult situations. Utilizing these skills managers must be capable to see the company as an entity, understand the correlation among different subunits, and visualize how the company fits into its wider setting. Need of Managerial Research Producers need managerial research because they need to convince people to expand their business span through purchasing their products. In order to capture target audience they introduce new Managerial research with new trends and technologies, these trends persuade people to buy the product which actually increases the sales of company and reduces cost per unit. On the other side economic scale of company boost up and give a major rise to profit of company. As things happen very rapid in the technology world and if companies want to stay competitive they need to move up with the latest Managerial research. It is chiefly factual for the managerial research. There exist many ways of Managerial research so a company need to keep abreast of the new Managerial research in business if a company wants to be thrived. As compare to the physical markets there exist lessen barriers in internet managerial research. The reason is the reduction of overhead and it shows that there are so many com petitors in the business field. The main phenomenon to be thrived in t he market by following managerial research in order to assure that the business will be conspicuous. By following the latest trend of managerial research the company will put themselves on the cutting edge. A lot of the managerial research is seemed nice and once it is implemented they serve to make the business stand out. It helps business users and producers to expand their business. If firm is following all managerial research standards then it will be able to diversified advertisement so it will be able to compete in market. More attractive and impressive advertisement will not only increase sales but also will help in capturing market. Managerial Research Role in Decision Making At the beginning, it may be stated that business research or for that matter any research does not provide an exact answer to any issue but only help in making a good choice. Research is one of the four elements for making suitable and enduring decisions leading to interests of the business and ultimately its owners. A good place to begin is with some standard descriptions of decision making. Decision making is the research of recognizing and selecting options based on the values and priorities of the decision taker. Making a decision implies that there are substitute options to be measured, and in such a situation we want not only to recognize as several of these substitutes as feasible but to select the one that (1) has the utmost probability of achievement or success and (2) best fits with our objectives, desires, way of life, values, and so on. Decision making is the procedure of sufficiently decreasing insecurity and uncertainty about substitutes to permit a reasonable selection to be made from among them. This description stresses the information-collecting process of decision making. It should be eminent here that doubt is decreased rather than removed. Very few choices are made with exact certainty because total understanding about all the substitutes is seldom potential. Thus, every deci sion engages a certain amount of threat. If there is no doubt, you do not have a choice; you have an algorithma set of steps or a recipe that is pursued to bring about a set result. Managerial research for marketing is use for evaluating process, evaluating actual customer need, and for complete decision making. Decision making is quite difficult process and put the decision taker at a ground where he starts comparing hid decision options. The first problem he face is he wont be able to finalize the actual demand of result fir the decision has been taken. Managerial research helps identifying policy alternatives. Much work on knowledge exchange has concentrated on helping observers present their work into the decision-making procedure. Equally essential is the need for decision-making companies to be able of utilizing research in their decision-making. This ability engages a company having the capability to find the research proof it requires, judge its dependability, quality, significance, and applicability, adapt it into a possible format, and implement it. Problem solving and decision-making are important managerial expertise for business and life. Issue-resolving often engages decision-making and that is particularly essential for administration and management. There are procedures and methods to enhance decision-making and the quality of choices. Decision-making is more ordinary to certain traits, so these individuals should concentrate more on enhancing the quality of their choices. Individuals that are less normal decision-makers are often capable to make quality evaluations, but then require being more strong-minded in acting upon the evaluations made. Issue-resolving and decision-making are intimately connected, and each needs creativity in recognizing and developing choices, for which the brainstorming method is specifically helpful. SWOT analysis helps evaluate the power of a firm, a business proposal or idea; PEST analysis helps to evaluate the possible and appropriateness of a market. Good decision-making needs a mixture of e xpertise: creative progress and identification of choices, lucidity of judgment, determination of decision, and successful implementation. For group issue-resolving and decision-making, or when a harmony is needed, workshops support, within which you can include these tools and procedures as suitable. Here are some helpful techniques for successful decision-making and issue-resolving: First a simple step-by-step procedure for successful decision-making and issue-resolving. Conclusion Managerial research is the process that facilitates an organization to focus its target audience on the greatest opportunities for increasing the sales and achieve a stay over Managerial research competition. Mainly it cater its key concept that to make a sustainable competitive advantage. Managerial research is introduced by focusing on organization sales and cost per unit. It helps company to figure out the consumption of resources and energies that lead towards the increasing in sale and dominate in the competitive world of managerial research.

Emerging Nationalism after American War of 1812 :: essays research papers

After the war of 1812, the United States moved toward to the creation of a unified national state and by 1830 became a nation-state. Through major changes in infrastructure, establishments of national banks, and the purchases of land, America was developing into its own fully functional and self-sufficient nation. The victory of the War of 1812 was a huge leap toward America becoming its own nation because of the national unity the win provided its citizens. The morale of the citizens lifted greatly because they managed to defeat the greatest military powers of the world and managed to survive. It also proved to the world that the american nation could defend itself from foreign threats. The victory improved America’s self confidence and faith in the military to defend the natiosn freedom and honor. Clays American system was an economic plan consisting of the establishment of protective tariffs, to establish a national bank, and to improve the country’s infrastructure. Protective tariffs protected americans from cheap imports. America Needed a strong national bank to help regulate money and to get funding for internal improvement projects such as roads. Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System were the Erie Canal and the Cumberland Road. He wanted to unify the country by integrating the industrail with the agricultural and have a strengthened infrastructure and economic nationalism to allow for self sufficiency. The National Bank created a standarad form of currency and helped pay off the revolutionary war debt. In 1816, there was a second twenty year charter. It was founded during the administration of U.S. President James Madison to stabilize currency. The estblaishment of a national bank led improvements in transportation because now roads could be paid for. These Improvements in Transportations were good for communication around the nation, which helped send messages faster. In 1818, the national road started the growing road systems that tied the new west to the old east. The Erie Canal was built in New York and runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. The Loose construction of the elastic clause gave more power to the congress and allowed Thomas Jefferson to purchase the Louisana territory. The Louisiana Purchase was more than 530,000,000 acres of territory purchased from France in 1803.

Wiesel Interview Journal

What acts of inhumanity are still occurring in the world? What lessons from the Holocaust still need to be learned? The Holocaust, which also known as Shah, was a genocide in which approximately 11 million people died, including 6 million Jews that were brutally abused and killed by the German military, under the command of Doll Hitler. This is a shameful and scandalous episode of humanity history, Is â€Å"Not of one crime but thousands of crimes done every day, not of one cruelty but millions of cruelties†, as an anonymous reviewer on Amazon stated.Ell Wisest, a survivor of this horrifying event, has published 47 books, Including his book Night which retelling his shocking experience, what he had to go through In the Auschwitz concentration camp. He later won the Nobel Peace prize. Although concentration camps have been liberated by American troops In 1945, the consequences are still there. Survivors were badly affected by diseases, starvation, etc. There are still thousands of Inhumanity actions around the globe, even nowadays.For example, a few tribes allow men to rape young girls, which is against man's rights. Also, human trafficking, torturing, school shootings, child abuse, etc. The infamous 201 2 Delhi gang rape in which the victim, Kyoto Sings Pander, was raped and murdered, died from her injuries 13 days later. This made people questioned about women's rights in India. The incident was widespread throughout India and worldwide, uprising the numbers of protests against the state and central governments.So, we know that there are uncountable crimes are occurring in the world, and many of them are not being report or uncover Like Lie said in his interview with Opera, that â€Å"We must not forget about the victims [Holocaust's victims] who had lay down, for the next generation. For ours, we hear you. † Lessons that still need to be learned from the Holocaust, are the importance of Holocaust remembrance, and the responsibility to bring war criminals to Justice. Ender each name was an identity, and beneath it was its own story. Every person has their own one, and we must not forget them. We must not forget the mass murder of 6 million Jews, including 1 million children. We must bring the murderers to the light of justice. Also, we must educate the younger generation about the Holocaust, to honor the victims' name. To throw light on the still obscured shadows of the Holocaust.To plant the seeds of the better future amidst the soil of a bitter past. To respect those survivors who are still among us, and to reaffirm humanity's common knowledge and about understanding and Justice. By hacking command of Doll Hitler. This is a shameful and scandalous episode of humanity's history, is â€Å"Not of one crime but thousands of crimes done every day, not of one cruelty but millions of cruelties†, as an anonymous reviewer on Amazon stated.

Power and Places Type

We are going to talk about power and places type: -> The power is necessarily an opposition between ruler and a ruled. There are many forms and places of power: Among the places of power, there are the White House, the Buckingham Palace, the Pentagon†¦ ? These places are powerful because they have political and military influence. Government is a governor who exercises his power through institutions such as the courts or prisons In this case, the governed are citizens who obey the laws of the government.But sometimes there is abuse of power,and we see resistances to power, as when there was apartheid in South Africa. Indeed, there was a racial discrimination between blacks and whites. The great figure of the resistance in South Africa was Nelson Mandela: he fought all his life against discrimination against black, he was imprisoned for several years. ==========================================================================Among the forms of power, there is, for example, the pow er of the media.Indeed, the media play a very important role within today's society. Media consists of books, television, movies, music, internet, radio, magazines, newspapers etc * Media have positive aspects: we can stay informed about political, social events very easily, you can have fun watching movies and listening to the music. (Through newspapers, TV, radio †¦) * But media have also bad/negative aspects. Indeed, today, it has become a great weapon to influence the opinions of individuals.For example, electronic media has the power to manipulate information, they can deny certain facts and expose another, they can broadcast in loop a topic to influence the vision of the mass of viewers (the presidential nominee can pay for more exposure on TV†¦) Media display the way of life for those who follows it. So media can influence the dressing manners of teenagers through theirs favorite film actors, etc. For example, children are specifically targeted in the advertisements . We teach them to eat Mc do’s burgers and drink coca cola. We can say that in this case, PEOPLE ARE BRAINWASHED BY MEDIA. In

Permeability of free space Essay Example

Permeability of free space Essay Example Permeability of free space Paper Permeability of free space Paper 1. Gather all necessary materials listed above  2. Using the electronic scale, measure the mass of the wooden block and record this, taking into account uncertainties where applicable.  3. Attach the string to the wooden block, and the other end to a mass-hook.  4. Place the sheet of sandpaper underneath the block and tape the sheet firmly in place on the table using sticky-tape (also note the exact position of the block on the sheet as we will try to keep that constant throughout). 5. Screw on the adjustable pulley at one edge of a laboratory table  6. Hang the mass hook off the table, using the mass pulley if this already causes the block to move, then place a small weight on top of the block. You set-up should look the following:  7. Carefully, while having your partner keeping an eye on the stationary block, add small increments of weight onto the hanging mass hook.  8. Once you have gone too far and the block has moved, remove the last weight and place the block back into its starting position. You will now have to add smaller increments of weight to determine more precisely how much force was needed. 9. When you are satisfied with the amount of weight, remove it and measure everything that is on the hook (including the mass hook itself) using the electronic scale. Do not rely on the mass readings on the masses themselves, as time and wear has significantly decreased the mass shown.  Data Recording  10. Now you will record the two masses in a data table. First of all, record appropriately the mass of the block and any other weights that rest on top of the sander paper. Then record the electronic scale reading for the mass of the hook + weights hanging from the string. Using g = 10ms-1 you can now also figure out and record the weight. 11. Repeat the exact same procedure two more times to obtain 3 trials. Do not polish the sandpaper, nor obtain a new sheet as this can disrupt the experiment.  12. Now add about 100 grams of masses more onto the wooden block and repeat again, obtaining three more trials  13. Repeat step 12 as many times as possible.  Data Collection:  Note: The uncertainty in the normal reaction force R can be ignored, as when we weighed the block, we would have an uncertainty of 0.01 grams (as a result of the electronic scale displaying values), however when this is converted into Newtons, the uncertainty becomes 0.0001, which is so small, it can be ignored.  To find the average force of friction, I added up the 3 trial forces of friction and divided it by the number of trials (3). Sample calculation: When averaging the force of friction, I also had to take care of the uncertainties of each force of friction trial (0.05N) and I did this by estimating the uncertainty from the several repeated measurements. Since we are adding the three values, this means I had to add the 3 uncertainties. This gives the value of (0.05) + (0.05) + (0.05) =   0.15 N  To find the coefficient of friction à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, the formula can be used, where is the frictional force, is the coefficient we are looking for, and R is the reaction force. Rearranging the formula, we obtain the formula for finding the coefficient directly; Note that this will give use the static coefficient of friction, which is different from the dynamic coefficient, but is what we were instructed to find in this particular lab. To find our average coefficient of static friction, taking into account all the tests and all the trials, we would have (0.76 + 0.77 + 0.77 + 0.78 + 0.79) / 5 =  = 0.77   0.05  On the following page you will find a graph that plots the frictional force Ffr versus the normal reaction force R. There is a clear linear relationship between the two forces, and this line should, ideally, pass through the origin. Uncertainties, and moreover, systematic error, have caused this line shift. For example, the friction of between the puller and the string meant that not all of the weight of the mass was transferred to pull the block, but since this happened every time, the relationship still holds although it is not from the origin. Moreover, as we continued carrying out this experiment, one must keep in mind that the sandpaper was getting more and more worn, which reduces friction for the consequential trials.

The Archetype of women portray in movies throught the decades Movie Review

The Archetype of women portray in movies throught the decades - Movie Review Example The changes in the damsel in distress archetype can be easily traced through the various versions of the Cinderella story as presented by what would become Paramount Pictures but in 1914 was the Famous Players Film Company, that produced by Walt Disney in 1950 and the more modern version of â€Å"Ever After† starring Drew Barrymore. By comparing and contrasting key elements of each story, a picture begins to emerge of the differing ideologies of each time period as well as differences regarding intended audience. In the earliest film, Cinderella is seen to be living with her stepmother and two older step-sisters without any true mention of the missing natural parents. Following the traditional story, Cinderella spends her days cleaning up after her vain and spoiled sisters and step-mother and her evenings sitting in with the cinders to keep warm. She earns the fairy godmother’s help with her kindness to an old, crippled woman who shows up at her door in spite of the cru el treatment the woman gets from the step-mother and step-sisters. A tangential concern here is how this expectation for young women to be kind to the destitute compares with Snow White’s treatment (another Damsel in Distress archetypal figure) in which the young woman is poisoned for her pains. Cinderella, though, earns a chance to meet the prince while she is out gathering wood for the fire and the two fall in love immediately. The story sticks pretty close to the storyline that would be made popular by Walt Disney 40 years later with the exception that Cinderella must also complete tasks given her by the godmother before she can be dressed for the ball. These are easy tasks, including gathering the pumpkin, the mice and the rats to serve respectively as coach, horses and servants, but they are something Cinderella actually has to go and accomplish before she can receive the godmother’s gift. In keeping with the times, it was not unusual for people to find animals su ch as mice and rats living in close proximity to their homes, and it is not surprising that inside the house is where Cinderella finds and captures the mice and the rats she will need. Cinderella is a true working girl, too, not squeamish about dealing with these animals and accustomed to the hard labor of a housemaid in an age without automatic machines available to make the work easier. This is a much harder story than that told by Walt Disney in 1950. Here the step-sisters have become as unfortunate in appearance as they are in spirit. They are both obviously mean and spiteful even to each other. Cinderella’s role here is the same, to struggle as housemaid under these sisters and an even more demanding step-mother, but the house is much grander and Cinderella’s accommodations are more comfortable although still poor. While she is still expected to do all of the work, her animated clothes don’t look nearly as poor as that of her earlier live-action counterpart and the animals that live in her house are friends rather than vermin. This is made clear as the birds, dog, horse and mice all exist apparently to serve her desires because they are all, to some degree, in love with her as well. In keeping with the mood of the times in which new inventions were being made that made women’s housework much less of a chore, Cinderella is rarely seen

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Family Law - Essay Example However, many feel that family law does not deal with disputes adequately. This is because not only does family law fail to adequately consider areas such as equal parental rights over children, it fails to deal with unmarried couples that have a relationship and do not live together. It also fails to deal with heterosexual cohabitation, same sex cohabitation, etc. Family law needs to accommodate these types of structures as well because these arrangements are growing in number. In order for family law to deal with the changing nature of family, it has to recognize and accommodate the fact that family structures now vary. In order to develop a general understanding of the reasons why family law has to be amended in order to become more accommodating in its approach, one has to consider the areas family law encompasses1. Family law deals with the following areas that are all family-related: All the three points above appear to be quite broad and encompassing. However, there are family structures today that may not necessarily be encompassed by them. This particularly refers to cohabiting couples. These may be heterosexual or same sex couples. It must be noted that same sex cohabiting relationships, however, have been recognized since 2004. It took a slow process for this type of relationship to be recognized2. Also, with cohabiting couples, cases may be more complicated because of them having children. Along with considering cohabitating heterosexual couples, a look at Figure 1 in the Appendix provides one with the trends of Marriage, Divorce and Remarriage in the UK3. These indicate perhaps an increasing trend towards families that do not consider marriage. A broader view of cohabitation is addressed later in this paper. New Family Structure [The Single Parent Family]: It is known that now marriage is becoming less significant to family structure, and parenthood is taking its place. Parenthood may be in the form of two parents or a single parent. Single parenthood may emerge from different situations. In many cases it emerges from a couple dating and having no commitments4. A dating couple that does not live together or does not even plan to get married may end up with a child accidentally. Therefore, they might feel forced into remaining together as a family. Since, in many cases, there is no commitment on either side, the mother decides to keep the child and raise it alone. In such a case, there can be little demand for child support from the father. This is because there is no civil union or any such family law that could compel the father to pay towards the child's upbringing without the existence of marriage. It must be noted here that a father becomes legally bound to pay for child support if he is married to the mother of his child. In many cases, the mother does not want to continue her relationship with her partner5. If no marriage exists, a father does not have to pay for child support, but he may also not be able to see his child. Therefore, there is every chance that the child will grow up without knowing or seeing his or her father. Figure 2 in the Appendix shows the percentage of single parents in the

Finding Books (Search Assignment) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finding Books (Search Assignment) - Essay Example The capability to manage combat stress is a fundamental feature of excellent mental health in soldiers. Consequently, the difference between performance in training and performance under anxiety is imperative, and each service member ought to be exposed to combat instruction under stress. One of the most ordinary mental disorders is Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and according to this article it is apparent that the disorder was formerly not understood. This article specifies that PTSD might lead to mental breakdown in service members, and as combat progresses, the mental disorder is becoming increasingly predominant. This article also specifies that the causes of Post traumatic stress disorder include physical fatigue, exposure to traumatic images as well as the horror experienced in the battle field. The scope of the disorder is prevalent, and may be treated by administering regimes of relaxation and rest (Peter, 2005). By employing the CRAAP evaluation system, it is apparent that this article is contemporary. This is because it was published in 2005, and the links are efficient, and the old sources are also pertinent. The information is applicable to the topic, because it grants the causes, history of the condition, as well as ways of treating PTSD. This article is also reliable, because it is published in an encyclopedia that involves with the military and the consequences of ill health on the military. The precision and the rationale of the information presented in the article are also verified, since the anticipated audience includes students and the public. In conducting this research, I was able to understand how psychiatric disorders occasionally develop as service men and women get exposed to complicated combat zones. I was also able to comprehend how PTSD affects not only the individual sufferer, but also their families. In conducting this research, I was able to

Three Values to a Better Country Essay Example for Free

Three Values to a Better Country Essay It is so outstanding because it is the only developed country in the Asia. It has many strongpoints which other countries should learn from it. However, just like an old English proverb saying-there is no perfect thing in the world. Even though Japan is a very strong country, it still has many aspects which should be improved. In my opinion, there are three values which would help make Japan a better country. They are open-minded, responsibility and humor. First is open-minded. Although Japan has been influenced a lot by western culture, most people still stick to the conservative concept-female should stay at home, not go outside to work. In 2007, Japans GEM(United Nations Development Programs Gender Empowerment Measure, which gauges equality by tracking womans participation in politics and business) was ranked 54th out of 93 countries. Japanese should be open-minded and encourage female to work. If female work, their talent and education can be best made use of. What is more, since males and females are complementary in many aspects, their cooperations with males can propel economic development more effectively. Second is responsibility. According to a survey conducted by Japanese Youth Institute, about 59. 7% American teenagers and 46. 9% Chinese teenagers can be responsible for themselves, but for Japanese teenagers, only 25. %. Because of the lack of responsibility, they do not care about anything, no matter their families or their country; when they meet problems, what they think is not how to solve them, but how to put off their liabilities. We can imagine what awful situation Japan will be if one day this generation takes over it. How can the people without responsibilities be able to develop a country? Therefore responsibility is a very important value if Japan wants to improve. The third one is humor. As we all know, Japan is a country with the highest suicide rate. There are very severe competitions in Japan and Japanese live in a fast-tempo lifestyle. Theyre under much pressure everyday and these pressure lead to suicide. So how to relieve pressure is very crucial. According to scientific research, humor can help people relax themselves, relieve their life pressures and keep their mental healthy. In short, humor can make people have a positive life attitude. Only when people are happy, can they contribute to countrys development. So humor is another value which would help make Japan a better country. When Japanese are more open-minded, they can improve themselves and develop their country; when more Japanese have responsibilities, their society can be more harmonious; when Japanese have more humor, their lives can be more interesting. All in all, if Japan wants to become a better country, open-minded, responsibility and humor would help make it.

Organisational Change and Transformation

Organisational Change and Transformation INTRODUCTION Organisational change practice and research aims at the improvement and development of organisations for the purpose of enhancing effectiveness and responsiveness to external changes through better people management, competence, communications, systems and structures. It is not a discipline that has more practical relevance in one sector than in another: the methods and approaches of the discipline are being applied in business and government alike. Because of increasingly dynamic environments, organizations are continually confronted with the need to implement changes in strategy, structure, process, and culture. Many factors contribute to the effectiveness with which such organizational changes are implemented. Whether the change processes are essentially unplanned and discontinuous, planned and strategic, or incremental or revolutionary, they have profound implications for people management and development. Change of any sort evokes the need for innovation, creativity, learning and culture change, all of which lie legitimately within the sphere of interest of personnel and development. Professionals working in personnel and development can be central actors in the management of change in such matters as people resourcing, learning and development, reward structures and the development of new sorts of employee relations all in a strategic context. Personnel and development professionals at a senior level need to demonstrate the contribution they can make in helping people in the organisation to: †¢ Recognise and interpret the relationship between organisational vision, capability and the internal and external environments †¢ Mobilise processes that enable change processes at the appropriate level for the requirements of the organisation. There are seven aspects of change readiness according to researches, which include perception toward change efforts, vision for change, mutual trust and respect, change initiatives, management support, acceptance, and how the organization manage the change process. At its core, change readiness involves a transformation of individual cognitions across a set of employees (Amenakis, et al., 1993). It is the people who are the real source of, and the vehicle for, change because they are the ones who will either embrace or resist change (Smith, 2005) Therefore, it is vital to assess individuals readiness perception prior to any change attempt. ORGANISATIONAL BACKGROUND AND PERCIEVED NEED FOR CHANGE: For this Analysis we have learnt and understood a Chemical Company named Omega Chemical Company. Omega Chemical Company Inc. is a Canadian-based company specialized in the manufacturing of chiral compounds such as: Chiral amino alcohols, Protected chiral amino alcohols (BOC and FMOC), Chiral protected amino aldehydes, Beta-amino acids, Amino acids analogues, Building block and more Need for Change: Over the past decade, the chemical industry has been increasingly commoditized. Cost pressures have been abundant and the ability to succeed has become dependent upon highly efficient internal processes and better customer service. To better compete in this environment, one Omega chemical determined they needed to re-engineer their global ordering processes and the systems that support them. Their aim was to create the perfect order process The perfect order process would yield the following benefits: Increase customer loyalty by creating easy, flexible and reliable interactions with the company. Provide the competitive edge of a Six Sigma capable order management process. Eliminate the cost of rework. Maximize employee productivity and satisfaction by providing the right data and the right tools. The technology was available. The perfect order would assure that it is integrated to work more smoothly. This process had many components to it: An integrated desktop that would provide customers with the information they need in the shortest possible time. Technical service representatives armed with knowledge of many topics and access to many types of information everything from product specifications to product data sheets and regulatory information. Easy access to all the information sales representatives need to more quickly address customer goals and needs. A cross-business view of an account, to help them leverage relationships. A portal to the many people who contribute to serving the account, such as marketing, customer service representatives, to allow them to more easily share information. Customer service representatives empowered with all the information they need about a customer or an account from one starting point. Data from SAP, Siebel or other sources would be only a click away. In addition to speeding service to customers, the processes and systems would improve personal productivity of employees as a result of reduced systems look-up, seamless movement across multiple business systems and a consistent interface across multiple communication channels. Integrating customer segmentation and customer service rules facilitates on-the-spot decisions by front-line employees. Training time could also be reduced as a result of an intuitive customer interface and simplified screen navigation. Thus Organisational change was inevitable. Key components for organizational change for Omega Chemicals: Communication channel control intelligently routes and manages inbound/outbound voice, fax and e-mail communications Fast access to enterprise applications such as SAP, Siebel, Rail Fleet Management System Access to Intranet/Internet and other internal databases Customer Account and Contact Profiles in Siebel Activity assignment with sales, technical support and Customer Information Group Customer surveys Reporting DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS: Brief Assessment: Establishing a Sense of Urgency Examining market and competitive realities Identifying and discussing crises, potential crises, or major opportunities Forming a Powerful Guiding Coalition Assembling a group with enough power to lead the change effort Encouraging the group to work together as a team Creating a Vision Creating a vision to help direct the change effort Developing strategies for achieving that vision Communicating the Vision Using every vehicle possible to communicate the new vision and strategies Teaching new behaviors by the example of the guiding coalition Empowering Others to Act on the Vision Getting rid of obstacles to change Changing systems or structures that seriously undermine the vision Encouraging risk taking and nontraditional ideas, activities and actions Planning for and Creating Short-Term Wins Planning for visible performance improvements Creating those improvements Recognizing and rewarding employees involved in the improvements Consolidating Improvements and Producing Still More Change Using increased credibility to change systems, structures, and policies that dont fit the vision Hiring, promoting, and development employees who can implement the vision Reinvigorating the process with new projects, themes, and change agents Institutionalizing New Approaches Articulating the connections between the new behaviors and corporate success Developing the means to ensure leadership development and succession Our analysis finds out that there are specifically the seven aspects of an organization readiness for change. Organisation Change Process should analyse all these aspects strategically: 1. PERCEPTION TOWARD CHANGE EFFORTS Employees perception toward change efforts that take place within the company Omega is an important aspect of change readiness. Moreover, employees perceptions of the organizations readiness for change have been identified as one important factor in understanding sources of resistance to large-scale change (Eby, et al., 2000). These perceptions can facilitate or undermine the effectiveness of a change intervention (Armenakis, et al., 1993; Lewin, 1951). Employees as the target of change are central to the success of the change efforts because their attitudes, skills, motivations and basic knowledge form a significant component of the organizational environment in which change is to be attempted (Smith, 2005). Perception influences employees attitudes and behavior intention in facing the impending change. Past experiences, on the other hand, influence perception process in interpreting information that pass through individual cognitive process. Employees perceptions toward the success of previous change efforts also influence change readiness. Information related to change will be associated with the individuals past experiences by giving particular attribute toward the initiated change. Individuals have preconceived notions about the extent to which the organization is ready for change. These perceptions are likely to evolve over time as individuals develop a history within the organization (Eby, et al., 2000). McDonald and Siegal (1993), Iacovini (1993), and McManus, et al. (1995) suggested that employees attitudes toward a pending change can impact morale, productivity and turnover intentions (Eby, et al., 2000). Moreover, employees perception toward companys flexibility in facing change is also crucial. Employees perceptions of the organizations ability to accommodate changing situations by altering policies and procedures was strongly related to perceived readiness for change (Eby, et al., 2000). Employees perceptions of the degree to which their organization has the flexibility to achieve change, and the extent to which they can actively and genuinely participate in the process, are important factors in achieving successful change (Smith, 2005). Thus first step that Omega Chemicals need to take is to analyse and let their employees know the need for the organizational change to the company and their betterment by the organizational change strategies. Management need to let them know that overall benefit of this change management or organizational change will lead to organizational betterment and in turn their growth and betterment. Here Omega Chemicals needs to be very careful as it has been observed in past that employees believe that if there are organizational changes these would not benefit them, else these would be designed to get more work from them or to reduce their numbers in terms of employees size and strength. Thus Management need to draft these strategy very tactically that they can influence the employees and there betterment with these changes. 2. VISION FOR CHANGE A vision states and clarifies the direction in which an organization needs to move. Without a sensible vision, a transformation effort can easily dissolve into a list of confusion and incompatible project and can take the organization in the wrong direction or nowhere at all (Kotter, 1995). Therefore, employees understanding and comprehension toward companys vision and changes vision is very vital. Kotter (1995) also suggested the importance of creating a vision of what the change is about, tell people why the change is needed and how it will be achieved (Smith, 2005). Martin (1993) as well as Terry (2001) pointed out that a vision is an important part of a change process but leaders of organizations need to be aware that a vision should only give a direction to employees (Stadtlander, 2006). People within an organization have to have the same aspiration toward the imminent change. Strebel (1996) noticed that many change efforts fail because executives and employees see change differently. For example, for many leaders, change means opportunity both for the business and for themselves. But for many employees, change is seen as disruptive and intrusive (Stadtlander, 2006). Through active, ongoing and meaningful involvement in the change process people can be helped to see the connections between their personal work and attitudes and overall organizational performance and employees can be encouraged to embrace personal responsibility for achieving change (Smith, 2005). Personal valence, which clarifies the intrinsic and extrinsic benefits of the changes, can help develop momentum for change. Specifically, when employees see how the change will benefit them, they will begin to seek out ways to improve the transition (Bernerth, 2004). However Management Team must have answers for the query or questions raised by the employees. Therefore they should analyse under mentioned points with respect to Omega Chemicals: Operational indicators Practitioners must be able to: 1 Identify the influence of the political, social and economic environment on the organisation and change as a reactive or proactive response. 2 Undertake diagnosis of the influence of such events and processes as mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances, downsizing, delayering. Knowledge indicators Practitioners must be able to understand, explain and critically evaluate: 1 The implications of globalisation, mergers, take-overs, acquisitions and strategic alliances in the development of organisations as dynamics in the change and transformation processes. Indicative content 1 The emergence of the virtual and network organisation. 2 The influence of concepts such as best value and changing stakeholder requirements. 3 The identification of triggers for change within the organisation. 4 The relationship between change and innovation in organisations. Change Process and Their Implications: Operational indicators Practitioners must be able to: 1 Identify the relevance of the major models of planned change and the different levels of risk they carry, and relate them to different organisational situations. 2 Help to build those processes, routines and systems that ensure transfer of information and understanding from individuals and small groups to the organisation as a whole, to influence strategic decisions and produce the foundations for new capabilities. 3 Judge what will and will not work in the change management context and ensure that the personnel and development role in the change management process is clearly adding value by helping to drive organisational improvements. 4 Make informed choices between large- and small-scale approaches to change management. 5 Assess the level of change required at different epochs in the organisations life cycle; issues of style and speed of change. 6 Analyse the elements for successful change at each stage of the process. Knowledge indicators Practitioners must be able to understand, explain and critically evaluate: 1 Different levels and types of the strategic change process: †¢ from ‘light touch to radical, transactional to transformational, continuous to discontinuous †¢ and the ways each level and type of change is likely to have different effects on people and organisational performance. 2 The ways organisation members understand, identify and use different triggers of change and transformation, both internal and external. 3 Processes for the evaluation of success, failure and risk in the change process, recognising the implications of success or failure for future change processes in the organisation. 4 Strategies and techniques for the successful implementation of the change management effort project management, participation and process management. Indicative content 1 The dynamics of change and: †¢ the strengths and limitations of Lewins fundamental change model †¢ the assumptions that underlie different approaches to change. 2 The strengths and weaknesses of the planned change approach. 3 The distinctions between emergent, planned and discontinuous approaches to change. 4 The role of the senior management group and the chief executive officer in the change process. 5 The scope of managerial decision-making in relation to change, transition and transformation. 6 Issues of ‘top down and ‘bottom-up change and reconciling them both. 7 Risk assessment/management in change and transformation situations. 8 Processes that mature, successful organisations can use most effectively in the change processes. 9 The critical significance of diagnosis to identify the need for, and the processes of, change, transition and transformation. 3. MUTUAL TRUST AND RESPECT Individual and organizational readiness and capacity for change needs to be based on a sound foundation of mutual trust and respect. It is important that a sufficient amount of trust is established to allow staff members to openly express dissenting views and compromise democratically. According to Cummings and Huse (1989), for change efforts to be successful, employees must trust not only the management, but also their co-workers (Eby, et al., 2000). Mutual respect and trust are the important foundations for an effective work team. Sundstrom, et al. (1990) revealed that organizations are increasingly implementing work teams for many different reasons; to better meet customer needs, to increase innovation, and to improve organizational productivity (Eby, et Al., 2000). He, and also Goodman, et al. (1988) found evidence that work teams can enhance a variety of important organizational outcomes under appropriate conditions. While Goodman, etal. (1988), as well as Cohen and Bailey (1997) found outcomes associated with the use of work teams include more favorable employee attitudes and other quality of work life indicators, as well as enhanced productivity and overall organizational effectiveness (Eby, et al., 2000). 4. CHANGE INITIATIVE Organizations are continually confronted with the need to implement changes in strategy, structure, process, and culture (Armenakis, et al., 1993). This is because the world has grown increasingly complex, resulting from the greater interdependence among world economies. At the same time, the world has become increasingly dynamic, resulting from the information explosion and worldwide communications (Zeffane, 1996). Without undertaking change, organization will lose its ability to compete. Without introducing adequate change in a timely and ethical manner, organizations will face difficult times and significantly reduce their chances of long-term survival (Christian and Stadtlander, 2006). Most successful change effort begin when some individuals or some groups start to look at the companys competitive situation, market position, technological trends, and financial performance. They then try to communicate their findings, especially those that are related to crisis, potential crisis, or great opportunity that may arise This first step is essential because just getting a transformational started requires the cooperation of many individuals (Kotter, 1995). All members of the organization should have the privilege to propose or initiate necessary change. But at the end it is the organizations leader who has to decide or initiate the necessary changes. Organization leaders become leaders because of their planning skills and their abilities to envisage and communicate a better future (Zeffane, 1996). However, people in the organization must be given the opportunity to be involved in all aspects of the change project and they must be given the opportunity to provide feedback (Waddel and Sohal, 1998). It is people who make up organizations and it is they who are the real source of, and vehicle for, change. They are the ones who will either embrace or resist change. Actually, people do not resist change per se, rather they resist the uncertainties and the potential outcomes that change can cause (Waddel and Sohal, 1998). If Organizational change is to take hold and succeed then organizations and the people who work in them must be readied for such transformation (Smith, 2005). 5. MANAGEMENT SUPPORT Management support for change efforts is an essential factor in creating change readiness. Armenakis, et al. (1993) revealed that the degree to which organizational policies and practices are supportive of change may also be important in understanding how an employee perceives the organizations readiness for change (Eby, et al., 2000). This, according to Beckhardt and Harris (1987), and also Schneider, et al. (1992), in Eby et al. (2000), may include flexible policies and procedures, and logistics and systems support (for example, quality equipment, monetary resources). In addition, Armenakis, et al. (1993), as well as McManus, et al. (1995) also found that the level of trust in management may foster perceptions that the organization can withstand rapid organizational change (Eby et al., 2000). Supports for change should be reflected in an effective change leadership. An effective leadership involves monitoring change, making the necessary mid-course corrections, and knowing when to initiate a new vision. Leading and managing strategic change requires that leaders have the capacity to learn from and adapt to change. In that process, organization learning is fostered in an environment of openness and mutual trust that allows people to embrace change and experiment without feeling threatened (Zeffane, 1996). One form of management support toward organizations change effort can be reflected by forming a special team. The team is responsible to conduct analysis toward influencing internal and external conditions, plan change process in more detail, identify possible risks and anticipated actions, and to control implementation including progress evaluation and conduct adjustment toward real situation. Management support can also be reflected from how change is accommodated by management through realignment of performance evaluation and employee compensation with change initiative program. Change demands sacrifice from employee. During change process, employee will feel uncomfortable with the new surrounding. Thus, sacrifice, participation and commitment from members of organizations have to be rewarded through performance evaluation and compensation. Management action toward any obstacle in dealing with change process reflects the extent of management support. Confidence that management has taken optimal steps to face any obstacle reflects the change readiness level. 6. ACCEPTANCE Change should be able to improve the organizations overall performance. However, for many employees, change can create feelings of uneasiness and tension, and as the change begins to take shape, organizational members may feel a sense of uncertainty and confusion (Bernerth, 2004). Because organizational change typically impacts how work is accomplished, an employees reaction to the specific type of pending change may also be important (Eby, et al., 2000). Employees are willing to accept change if they are convinced that the change is beneficial for them. However, many employees do not realize the benefit and advantage of change. They are only concern about the immediate result. On the other hand, the benefit of most change can be enjoyed over a period of time. Developing understanding of the nature of and reasons for change in the early stages can provide a sound base for subsequent changes and a greater willingness to take risks and extend beyond current boundaries (Smith, 2005). A well planned change would not be accomplished without the support of capable and committed change agent. Beckard and Harris (1987) argued that reshaping capabilities involves the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the organization as a whole to carry out the necessary requirements for successful change implementation (Jones, et al., 2005). Turner and Crawford (1998) discussed organizational capabilities needed for change. They proposed a taxonomy consisting of engagement, development, and performance management capabilities. Engagement is based on informing and involving organizational members in an attempt to encourage a sense of motivation and commitment to the goals and objectives of the organization. Development involves developing all resources and systems needed to achieve the organizations future directions. Proactively managing the factors that drive the organizations performance to ensure it consistently and effectively achieves the intended change is the capability Turne r and Crawford label performance management (Jones, et al., 2005). Changes always involve risks. Change involves moving from a known state to an unknown one, of ending the way things are done and doing things in new ways, of letting go. Thus, to reduce this risk, change readiness is mandatory. A failure to assess organizational and individual change readiness may result in managers spending significant time and energy dealing with resistance to change. An investment in developing change readiness can achieve a double benefit. Positive energy goes into creating preparedness for the changes and, in turn, there can be a significant reduction in the need for management of resistance once organizational revival is underway (Smith, 2005). 7. MANAGING CHANGE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS Following are the few vital steps which Omega Chemicals need to take for Organisational Change: Step 1 Getting organised Have a strong policy Make senior-level managers accountable Have a clear change-management procedure Communicate and include everyone Review and challenge The organisation should have a clear policy for management of organisational change. This should set out principles, commitments and accountabilities in relation to impact on health, safety and the environment. Ideally the policy should commit to proportionate consideration of all organizational changes, large and small; as even those not at first connected to safety need to be given consideration to confirm whether or not they may have indirect impacts on safety. Commitment and resources Although the motivation for the change may be commercial, and not obviously connected with safety, major accident prevention must be regarded as core business, not a side issue. Senior management need to demonstrate a clear commitment to safety by their actions, from the outset. There should be a distinct safety focus within overall change processes, with positive objectives. Make a senior, highly influential manager the sponsor or champion for this. They should ensure the safety aspects of the change receive an appropriate level of resource and attention. The effort and resource put in must be proportionate to: the complexity of the change; the scale of the hazards concerned; and the degree to which the change may impact on the management of major hazards. This can be by categorising of changes, with greater importance and a higher level of management approval for more safety-significant categories. Clear systems Organisational change should be planned in a thorough, systematic, and realistic way. You should follow a documented and structured procedure for each element of organisational change management. This is similar to the processes for managing plant change. The following should be clear: _ Identify the processes or activities that are to be carried out (to ensure that risks arising from the change are identified, assessed and reduced to as low as is reasonably practicable). _ Set out the protocols to be followed. _ Who is accountable and who is responsible for these activities? Getting organised checklist Dont make too many simultaneous changes, resulting in inadequate attention to some or all. Dont delay or defer safety issues c